…subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and intermittent occlusion with reperfusion. Prompt reperfusion…

…reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating and blunt force trauma. Loss of blood volume…

…peripheral cannulae 0 to 10 min A blood gas with lactate, two sets of blood cultures, and a culture from the likely focus 0 to…

…confusion, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension, coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia…

…people with diabetes and becomes more common with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound…

…Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period, according to the local protocol Psychiatric symptoms Sleep disturbance, hypomania, confusion. Commonest early on and at…

…symptoms New confusion Severe headache Persistent nausea Moderately reduced consciousness Marked gait instability The specificity of the symptoms is limited. In a patient with moderate…

…in these two papers and the authors of this article decided to adopt the criteria from MacFarlane et al . However, the confusion actually extends beyond…

…and outcomes improved when they were treated as acute STEMI cases. Management of left bundle branch block (LBBB) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS…

…life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of causing cardiac…

…everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and…

…g in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use…

…work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia…

…8. Reassess speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and air entry repeatedly. 9. Measure PEF or FEV1 if the patient can manage it without…

…Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged…

…Ask specifically about: Neurological symptoms: confusion, visual loss, focal neurological signs, seizures, severe or sudden headache. Chest pain, back pain, dyspnoea, orthopnoea and new sweating…

…light sedation with a daily wake up trial shortens the time on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in…

…ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or…

…a new attack and a movement that merely worsens dizziness that is already ongoing . A patient with BPPV is usually relatively free of symptoms between…

…200%). Conclusion Echocardiographic calculation of Qp/Qs is a cornerstone in managing patients with intracardiac shunts. By integrating anatomical measurements and Doppler hemodynamics, clinicians gain…