…mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2…

…dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be…

…Figure 2). It is important to note that the apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the…

…mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of…

…It contains cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue and a very high density of capillaries. The muscle fibers are organized into several sheets that wrap around…

…of the pericardium The pericardium consists of a parietal layer and a visceral layer. The parietal layer is 2 mm thick, rich in connective tissue…

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

…or 80 cm in women is considered indicative of obesity or excess abdominal adiposity. Ethnic specific thresholds are lower or otherwise modified in some populations…

…anchored around myocardial scar tissue [5] . Polymorphic VT (PMVT): Characterized by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation…

…a conductive pad that is attached to the skin and enables the recording of electrical currents. An ECG lead is a graphical description of the…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the ECG. The similarity of the waveforms…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…valves. Importantly, in the setting of valvular stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity (v 2 )…

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

…I B Consider connecting leads V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…pattern does not determine the anticoagulation indication. Previous stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure…

…than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1.5%. The crude prevalence is lower in non…

…children because they have a lower heart rate. Older children may be asked to hold their breath, which leads to the cessation of sinus arrhythmia…

…is defined as three consecutive heartbeats displaying identical waveforms on the ECG. The similarity of the waveforms indicates that the origin of the impulse is…

…may be conductive, such that they can transmit the atrial impulse to the ventricles directly. These pathways are termed accessory pathways (or bundle of Kent…

…is competition between these latent pacemakers, the one with the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization will be the pacemaker, which means that it usually is…

…withdrawal. Sinus tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung…

…and subacute ventricular arrhythmias Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular arrhythmia Definition and classification Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Definition : ≥3 consecutive QRS complexes generated in the…

…and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure…

…requiring dialysis is uncommon except in the presence of substantial pre existing CKD, particularly when congestive heart failure or other causes of ischaemic AKI coexist…

…diastole, distinguishing myocardial bridging from a fixed coronary stenosis. However, intravascular ultrasound has shown that delayed opening of the bridged segment may extend into diastole…

…and subacute ventricular arrhythmias Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular arrhythmia Definition and classification Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Definition : ≥3 consecutive QRS complexes generated in the…

…cells carry out the actual contraction but are also capable of transmitting the action potential, albeit at a much lower speed than the conduction cells…

…the relationship between the ventricles, the ventriculo arterial connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental analysis). Ventricular function is evaluated using ejection fraction…

…maintained for 20 consecutive minutes, without the need for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of life if…

…consecutive junctional beats are referred to as junctional rhythm (also called junctional escape rhythm). Junctional escape rhythm is a regular rhythm with a frequency of…

…the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. The QT interval should be measured in 3 to 5 consecutive beats…

…impulse is discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS…

…However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria and the ventricles. Such accessory connections (pathways) are embryological remnants and they…

…also called idioventricular rhythm . The hallmark of all ventricular rhythms is the wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 seconds). The QRS complex is wide…