…are conducted all the way to the skin, because the tissues and fluids surrounding the heart, indeed the entire human body, act as electrical conductors…

…Figure 2). It is important to note that the apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the…

…are immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) that include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, vasculitides, mixed connective tissue disease…

…fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation…

…dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be…

…may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes…

…Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that…

…layer is 2 mm thick, rich in connective tissue and envelops the entire heart and the departures of the larger vessels. The visceral layer consists…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…Symptoms and conditions that should prompt assessment include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial fibrillation OSA or daytime symptoms suggestive…

…3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…Drug Nitroprusside Brand names Nipride ®, Nipride RTU ®, Nitropress ®. Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension…

…and arrhythmology ECG Sinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the ECG…

…Nitrolingual ®, Nitromist ®, Nitrostat ®, Rectiv ®, Trinipatch ® Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood…

…pressure differences) between the atria, ventricles, and connecting vessels. The estimation of pressure gradients is done using the Bernoulli principle . The Bernoulli principle is based…

DICTrank: The Largest Reference List of 1318 Human Drugs Ranked by Risk of Drug Induced Cardiotoxicity Using FDA Labeling . Drug Discovery Today. 2023. DICT =…

…monitoring should start immediately and a defibrillator must be ready. I B Consider connecting leads V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of…

…and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology…

…the patient’s underlying clinical risk factors rather than by the AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis…

…left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking…

…of the sinoatrial node. Rhythm Normal rhythm A rhythm is defined as three consecutive beats with identical waveforms on the ECG. The similarity of the…

…of Cardiology (ACC). Definition of heart rhythm A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats displaying identical waveforms on the ECG. The similarity of the…

…possess an additional pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Such pathways may be conductive, such that they can transmit the atrial impulse to the…

…than 3 consecutive beats (or from a latent pacemaker (or any other ectopic focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or more consecutive beats…

…to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD)…

…use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias…

…is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure; prior stroke; emergency coronary angiography or PCI; cardiogenic shock…

…the presence of substantial pre existing CKD, particularly when congestive heart failure or other causes of ischaemic AKI coexist. Risk assessment Patient related risk factors…

…course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although many…

…use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias…

…membrane proteins that connect adjacent cells mechanically and electrically. The electrical connection is established by gap junctions, which are proteins that form channels between the…

…most complex malformations. Indeed, even the most severe malformations have become routine practice. The treatment repertoire includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with…

…a stable return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Stable ROSC is when spontaneous circulation is maintained for 20 consecutive minutes, without the need for chest compressions…

…Less than three consecutive beats are referred to as junctional beats (also called junctional escape beats). Three or more consecutive junctional beats are referred to…

…to the end of the T wave. The QT interval should be measured in 3 to 5 consecutive beats in leads II, V5 and V6…

…Premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy. Two consecutive premature ventricular contractions are referred to as a pair or couplet. If 3 to 30 premature ventricular contractions…

…However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria and the ventricles. Such accessory connections (pathways) are embryological remnants and they…

…arrhythmias. Definitions and ECG criteria for ventricular rhythm and idioventricular rhythm Ventricular rhythm exists if 3 or more consecutive beats have a ventricular origin. The…