…are conducted all the way to the skin, because the tissues and fluids surrounding the heart, indeed the entire human body, act as electrical conductors…

…Figure 2). It is important to note that the apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the…

…are immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) that include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, vasculitides, mixed connective tissue disease…

…fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation…

…dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be…

…may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes…

…Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that…

…layer is 2 mm thick, rich in connective tissue and envelops the entire heart and the departures of the larger vessels. The visceral layer consists…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…Symptoms and conditions that should prompt assessment include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial fibrillation OSA or daytime symptoms suggestive…