Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause…

…the free edge of the pinna. Autoimmune disease with Raynaud's phenomenon. Preparation and equipment Liquid nitrogen in a flask (−196 °C) and a cryospray…

…Stroke Volume, Wall Stress & Frank Starling's law Myocardial Mechanics It is fundamental to distinguish hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from hypertrophy caused by increased loading conditions. The…

…and red turns blue. For color Doppler aliasing usually occurs when velocities exceed 0.5 m/s, which they generally do in the setting of…