…orifice. There are many causes of mitral stenosis, the most common of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma, cardiac thrombi…

…cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease…

…cardiac computerized tomography (CT), ergospirometry (exercise stress testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention…

…and a cardiac chamber or vessel. Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and anomalous origin of one…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

…assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease. It combines a structured family history, clinical evaluation, cardiac investigations…

…congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) — This type of…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…Myocardial ischemia Cardiomyopathy Bradycardia Hypothyroidism Hypothermia A separate chapter discusses Long QT syndrome (LQTS). A complete list of drugs causing QT prolongation can be found…

…valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea…

…Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic…

…increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect), tricuspid valve regurgitation are…

…with reduced left ventricular function (e.g. defined as ejection fraction <40 %) are at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (IVT) Ventricular…

…individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex…

…Denmark, Netherlands and United Kingdom reported a novel ECG syndrome characterized by widespread ST segment depressions and an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest. They…

…identification of focal severe stenoses. Coronary anomalies Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon among the general population but account for a substantial proportion of sudden cardiac…

…PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease…

…and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or…

…individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex…

…of mitral regurgitation. Table 1. Causes of mitral regurgitation Degeneration, prolapse DCM (dilated cardiomyopathy) Ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital…