…cases of congenital heart disease reach adulthood ( Mandalenakis et al ). The largest leap in survival has been observed among cases with the most complex malformations…

…are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial…

…mitral valve orifice. There are many causes of mitral stenosis, the most common of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma…

…associated with exertional angina, myocardial ischaemia, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, impaired left ventricular function, myocardial stunning, and sudden cardiac death. It may also be associated…

…the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD…

…phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3…

…explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main…

…prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs, the risk of…

…the longest QT interval is the QT dispersion. Increased QT dispersion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This is presumably explained by a higher…

…fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery…

…Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic…

…is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition…

…QT syndrome , sarcoidosis , Prinzmetal's angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular…

…results from long QT syndrome (LQTS). TdP occurs exclusively in individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in…

…nonischemic ST segment depression. These ST segment changes are stable over time (as compared with Brugada syndrome and LQTS, which both exhibit highly dynamic ECG…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…associated, or associated with conditions such as systemic sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with…

…pediatric patients, and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de…

…results from long QT syndrome (LQTS). TdP occurs exclusively in individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in…

…of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome)…