…Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation Anorexia nervosa Liquid protein diets Hypothyroidism Bradyarrhythmia Sinus bradycardia Sinus…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low…

…This state is termed unclassified PH. Potential explanations include congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of…

…incident cases of congenital heart disease reach adulthood ( Mandalenakis et al ). The largest leap in survival has been observed among cases with the most complex…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and classification Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD…

…to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in…

…explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main…

…are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial…

…Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results…

…is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition…

…disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)…

…exclusively in individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the…

…A, Lange Nielsen F. Congenital deaf mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;54…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…pediatric patients, and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de…

…exclusively in individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the…

…muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation. Ischemia manifests with myocardial akinesia or dyskinesia, which impairs papillary muscle function. Likewise…

…The valve is attached to the mitral annulus , which is continuous with annulus fibrosus (the fibrous ring). The mitral valve has an anterior leaflet and…