…differences in ascertainment and imaging technique. Coronary fistulae represent abnormal communications between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or vessel. Other congenital anomalies include…

…European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus…

…counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic…

…the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease…

…Between the visceral and parietal layers there is the pericardial cavity (pericardial sac) containing pericardial fluid. This fluid is produced by the mesothelian cells and…

…each drug and we recommend the reader to use this link to assess the literature. Medical conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen…

…duration predisposes to life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or…

…heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover…

…Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results…

…echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

Info Antiarrhythmic drugs and management of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation This manual presents recommendations for the management of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT, VF). It is primarily…

…A, Lange Nielsen F. Congenital deaf mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;54…

…High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A slit like orifice A high origin Acute angle take off…

…Potential explanations include congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are…

…and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or…

Cardiology Antiarrhythmic drugs and management of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation This manual presents recommendations for the management of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT, VF). It is primarily…

…dilation leads to dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases)…

Echocardiography The mitral valve The mitral valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle. The valve is attached to the mitral annulus , which is…