…PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and classification Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They…

…is an indicator of cardiac hemodynamic status and may be estimated with echocardiography. The PASP is an independent predictor of survival and for elevated left…

…replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term…

…quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac…

…of an X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with…

…congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) — This type of…

…elastin and is fused with the myocardium. At the departures of the larger vessels, the visceral layer is folded back to cover the inside of…

…of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With…

…QT dispersion. Increased QT dispersion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This is presumably explained by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It…

…Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In multivariable models (i.e statistical models in which adjustment has been made for confounders) individuals with atrial…

…gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe…

…visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great…

…disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…A, Lange Nielsen F. Congenital deaf mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;54…

…and young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation. Ischemia manifests with…

…valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle. The valve is attached to the mitral annulus , which is continuous with annulus fibrosus (the fibrous…