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Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain

…stress testing, myocardial ischemia and ischemic symptoms Understanding the basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation…

Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block

…the ECG, this is observed as a gradual prolongation of the PR interval with each successive beat until a P wave fails to conduct, resulting…

Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome

…s bundle) may be able to conduct the impulse from the atria to the ventricles ( antegrade direction ), from the ventricles to the atrial ( retrograde direction…

The PR Interval & PR segment

…as the baseline. Several conditions can reduce the ability of the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct the atrial impulse to the ventricles. As the conductivity…

Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex): ECG and clinical implications

…to the ventricles. Because the impulse enters the ventricles through the bundle of His (which means that both bundle branches will conduct the impulse to…

Laryngeal mask and difficult airway

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

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