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Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early clinical descriptions emerged at the dawn of the 20th century…

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…of renal glucose reabsorption. The remaining glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 in the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, with chloride following…

🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…anticoagulation, renal function, age, comorbidity, and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious…

Complete Versus Culprit-Only Revascularization in Acute Coronary Syndrome

…mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of…

Acute Aortic Syndromes: Intramural Haematoma and Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer

…in approximately 70% of patients with aortic dissection. PAU is particularly associated with advanced age, smoking, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…the association may not be causal. Renal dysfunction after PCI may reflect contrast associated injury, haemodynamic instability, cholesterol embolisation, or a combination of these mechanisms…

🟠 HAS-BLED Score Calculator

…Components of the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…et al. Bleeding risk in ‘real world’ patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of two established bleeding prediction schemes in a nationwide cohort. J Thromb Haemost…

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