…mortality in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin treatment is more effective than moderate intensity treatment in reducing…

…occasionally be reported as stabbing or burning. It resembles the discomfort of angina pectoris but typically occurs at rest, is more severe, and lasts longer…

…and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap…

…fluid in the pericardial cavity exceeds 50 mL, there is an effusion, which is considered pathological. The effusion, as a rule, is ecolucent (ecofatical), but…

…The conditions encircled by the term sinus node dysfunction are as follows: Sinus bradycardia (which in its purest form means that the automaticity is diminished)…

…switch from a contractile to a synthetic state, producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] …

…greater than 110 ms in adults, greater than 90 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age, and greater than 80 ms in children…

…widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines, including those from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology…

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

…reduce infarct size, which is generally attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as it turns out, [2] the reduction in heart…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…used interchangeably both in clinical practice and in the literature. Tachyarrhythmias: causes, differential diagnoses, treatment and management Any heart rate faster than 100 beats per…

…clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…However, the chest pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is less severe than the pain in acute STEMI. This is explained by the fact…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…clinical definitions and recommendations presented in this chapter are in line with guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC…

…results in a special type of heart failure, referred to as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF). HFPEF may be more common than heart…

…leads (V1 through V6) are displayed on the ECG paper in their anatomically contiguous order from right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably…