…and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the…

…is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without…

…and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap…

…Less common are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion…

…condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome . Causes of sinus node dysfunction The causes have been discussed in each respective article. A rehearsal follows…

…switch from a contractile to a synthetic state, producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] …

…to 16 years of age, and greater than 80 ms in children less than 8 years of age without meeting the criteria for RBBB or…

…in a patient's condition over time. For instance, an increase in left atrial size or the development of NSVT may warrant closer surveillance or…

…myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as…

…reduce infarct size, which is generally attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as it turns out, [2] the reduction in heart…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…which is fundamental in all arrhythmias, the first task is to determine whether the arrhythmia is a wide complex tachycardia (WCT) or a narrow complex…

…in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and/or…

…if the impulse transmission is abnormal, or if both these are abnormal. These circumstances are now discussed in detail. Abnormal impulse formation Abnormal impulse formation…

…However, the chest pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is less severe than the pain in acute STEMI. This is explained by the fact…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…of all deaths in the acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase…

…Braunwald and colleagues in 1962 ( Braunwald et al ) and it has since then been the dominating method for assessing ventricular function. For better or worse…

…axis). All modern ECG machines can present either aVR or –aVR; we recommend that –aVR be used as it facilitates ECG interpretation. In any case…