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Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

…and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…Less common are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome . Causes of sinus node dysfunction The causes have been discussed in each respective article. A rehearsal follows…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…switch from a contractile to a synthetic state, producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] …

Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect)

…to 16 years of age, and greater than 80 ms in children less than 8 years of age without meeting the criteria for RBBB or…

🟠 HCM Risk-SCD Calculator

…in a patient's condition over time. For instance, an increase in left atrial size or the development of NSVT may warrant closer surveillance or…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction: lack of oxygen or imbalance between supply/demand

…reduce infarct size, which is generally attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as it turns out, [2] the reduction in heart…

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