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Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…of the normal electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) Figure 1. The classical ECG curve with its most common waveforms. Important intervals and points of measurement are depicted…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…activated and contracts. Figure 1 illustrates the relevant components of the conduction system, the heart and the classical ECG waveforms. Figure 1 . The cardiac cycle…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to deep structures. Lacunar stroke results in five classical lacunar syndromes, namely: (1) pure motor stroke/hemiparesis …

Digoxin - ECG changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects & treatment

…The most classical ECG finding is generalized ST segment depressions with curved ST segment (generalized implies that the depressions may occur in most ECG leads…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…Conversely, patients with chronic renal failure may have very high values without the classical ECG findings. A rapidly rising potassium is usually more dangerous than…

Wound suturing

…corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for primary closure rests on weak evidence. More…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…mechanisms. Beck’s Triad The classical clinical triad consists of: Hypotension Jugular venous distension Muffled or absent heart sounds The triad suggests severe tamponade, but…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…Chest pain or discomfort remains the cardinal symptom of CCS, but presentations are frequently non classical. Contemporary clinical populations include only a minority with symptoms…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…more likely to be found in a young patient with a clear family history and less likely in an older patient with non classical features…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and may not follow a classical pattern of stable exertional angina. Vasospastic angina should be…

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