…disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the…

…diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular…

…medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care…

…Conventional thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most…

…7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally…

…rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason…

…hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with respiratory acidosis …

…Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe…

…Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure…

…respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with…