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Urinary catheterisation

…curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra is only 3–5 cm and almost straight, but the meatus can be hard to…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…to CHA2DS2 VA , explicitly removing female sex as an independent risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…have been described: Female sex, particularly in patients aged approximately 40–50 years. Hormonal influences, including oestrogen and progesterone related structural changes in the coronary…

Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Causes, Work-up and Management

…myocarditis, and cardiomyopathies may present with symptoms, ECG changes, and troponin elevation resembling acute myocardial infarction. These disorders require distinction from true MINOCA because their…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…to the broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and with…

T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction T wave changes in acute myocardial infarction & ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T wavewas previously provided…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males…

Left Bundle Branch Block: ECG criteria and clinical implications

…usually absent [7]. Stricter Criteria : These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes…

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