…in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure…

…cerebrovascular risk and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease Many patients with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease…

…manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…90% of prevalent hypertension. Hypertension has a major population attributable contribution to chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of…

…duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease…

…hyperplasia. A family history is therefore important, particularly in patients with early onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial…

…cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood…