…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed sensorimotor stroke. Cardioembolic stroke Thromboembolism associated with cerebral atherosclerosis. Cryptogenic stroke : These cases have no known mechanism…

…dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

CPR The forces that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose…

…In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated…

…al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5–6 minutes. Biological death usually…

…sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic…

…drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain, anxiety…

…rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients…

…Intracranial pressure (ICP) < 22 mmHg The treatment threshold in traumatic brain injury Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 60–70 mmHg CPP = MAP − ICP RASS…

…and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF…

…onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation)…

…increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the…

…and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF…

…g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g., arrhythmias). Unconsciousness occurs within 10 seconds of cessation of cerebral blood flow. Agonal breathing : Deep, slow, irregular…

…arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia. Such traumas include cerebral, facial, airway and thoracic injuries…

…Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilatation in the coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine — intermediate dose Cardiogenic shock. Vasodilatory shock…

…dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients…

…acute microangiopathy, with renal, retinal, and cerebral involvement. Catecholamine excess and drug related presentations Severe hypertension may result from phaeochromocytoma, monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine…

…of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks. Cerebral circulatory autoregulation is also disturbed. This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and…

…Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause symptoms already at rest. Stable ischemic heart disease does not…

…of brain injuries is anoxic cell death, continued dysfunction in cerebral blood flow (autoregulation) after ROSC and cerebral hypoperfusion. Myocardial dysfunction is defined by stunning…