…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed sensorimotor stroke. Cardioembolic stroke Thromboembolism associated with cerebral atherosclerosis. Cryptogenic stroke : These cases have no known mechanism…

…dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

CPR The forces that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose…

…In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated…

…al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5–6 minutes. Biological death usually…

…sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic…

…drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral hypoperfusion. Pain, anxiety…