…the relationship between the ventricles, the ventriculo arterial connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental analysis). Ventricular function is evaluated using ejection fraction…

…catheterization laboratory are intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Unlike coronary angiography, which produces a two dimensional luminogram and has limited specificity for…

…Level of evidence The pre hospital care of STEMI patients should be organized regionally (including all components from the emergency medical dispatch to catheterization laboratory…

…also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the…

…largely replaced catheterization. This section discusses hemodynamic principles and how these can be leveraged to calculate stroke volume, cardiac output, pressure conditions, severity of stenoses…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic…

…microcirculation. Indeed, studies show that 15–35% of patients with STE ACS/STEMI have inadequate microvascular flow despite patent epicardial blood flow. In such cases…