…Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT) Troponin Management : : : : : High Unstable Yes Often raised Reperfusion, intensive care Intermediate–high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring…

…causes, differential diagnoses, treatment and management Any heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute is defined as tachycardia , which is synonymous with tachyarrhythmia. Except…

…regular (as is the atrial) with a rate ranging between 150 and 250 beats per minute. The P wave is not visible in most cases…

…ECG Third degree (complete) AV block: ECG criteria, clinical characteristics and management This chapter discusses third degree AV block, which is synonymous with AV dissociation…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…trial shortens the time on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications:…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea…

…2:1 block. In typical cases of atrial flutter, the atrial rate is around 300 beats per minute with a 2:1 block, which yields…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Immediate management The most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and…

…guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to 5.9 mmol/L Confirm the value, address the cause, assess renal function and…

…management, and clinical characteristics. Ventricular tachycardia is a highly nuanced arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles. A wide range of conditions may cause ventricular tachycardia…

Njurmedicin Lathundar The main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to…

…approximate. When switching between opioids, cross tolerance is incomplete: reduce the calculated equianalgesic dose by 25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose…

…cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management…

…anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time per cycle Number of cycles Margin : : : : Actinic keratosis, thin 5–10 s 1 1…

…rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction…

…leading cause of SCD in men under the age of 40 in endemic regions [3] . The global prevalence is estimated at 1 to 5 per…

…cardiac arrest. Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management of hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity…

…According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated…

…atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Beta blockers…

…may cease working. Figure 1 exemplifies a ventricular rhythm. Accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm) is a rhythm with rate at 60–100 beats per minute…

…from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp…

…life substantially. The management of sinus tachycardia is aimed at finding secondary causes that can be treated or, when no cause can be found, establishing…

…Abnormal impulse formation Abnormal impulse formation can cause arrhythmias by the following two mechanisms: Increased or abnormal automaticity Triggered activity Increased or abnormal automaticity As…

…and cause of death in stable outpatients with heart failure. JACC. Braunwald et al: Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and…

Conduction defects ECG Management and treatment of AV blocks (AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical…

…or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness, muscle cramps or, in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless…

…four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more…

…which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological…

…miscellaneous conditions The early repolarization pattern and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has been recognized for almost 50 years…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…the investigator to calculate the area of stenoses and regurgitations. Such area estimations are fundamental in the management of valvular conditions, such as aortic stenosis…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and temperature management…

…Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine output, volume status, electrolytes, acid base status and the underlying cause…

…a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore…

…IIa C Pre hospital logistics Management Recommendation Level of evidence The pre hospital care of STEMI patients should be organized regionally (including all components from…

…associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein…

…danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion…

…management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in parallel with coronary angiography, the search for the cause and the rest of the intensive care…

…medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care…

…Endothelial dysfunction, coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary…

…evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary health care. The cause …

…set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated tachycardia is endless loop tachycardia, which also depends on the ventricular stimulation…

Kardiologi Lathundar Three questions determine the management: is the patient unstable, how long has the fibrillation lasted, and does the patient need an anticoagulant? The…

…established collateral circulation, particularly an occluded bypass graft; in such cases, clinical manifestations may be less dramatic despite a sudden deterioration in function. The severity…

…of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism…

…pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left…

…Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into…

…risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the…

…3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some Swedish and local care programmes use 38.5 degrees instead. Follow the local definition where one exists…

…and potentially aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure…

…sudden cardiac death Hence, the Brugada syndrome is a highly malignant disorder that must be recognized by any health care provider. A family history of…

…grouped. The chain of care in NSTEMI and unstable angina Management of patients with acute coronary syndromes is permeated by the mantra time is myocardium…

…Diagnosis (ECG), Criteria & Management Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is the most severe manifestation of coronary artery disease. This chapter deals with the pathophysiology…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

Akutsjukvård Kirurgi & trauma Lathundar Immediate management In massive haemorrhage it is rapid control of the bleeding that determines the outcome. Transfusion restores circulating volume, oxygen…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key message The distinction that determines management is: is there acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value…