…tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be clinically occult and can affect multiple vascular territories, including the renal, carotid, vertebral…

…although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between diseases. Cardiovascular involvement extends beyond conventional atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. It may include: Accelerated atherosclerosis and premature myocardial…

…and proximal aorta can cause stroke, TIA (transient ischemic attack), coronary artery occlusion, and peripheral embolization. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in…

…carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery. The vascular examination should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid…

…exertion or while supine Sudden onset of palpitations followed by syncope Severe coronary artery or structural heart disease High risk features on examination include: Unexplained…

…the person breathe? Look for respiratory signs for 10 seconds. Palpation of pulses : carotid, femoral or radial artery. According to current guidelines, laypeople do not…

…cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative:…

…via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and peripherally to enhance vagal tone. These sympatho inhibitory effects decrease…

…tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes vasovagal syncope), as well as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, can also result in bradycardia with syncope. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity…

…g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver, carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young individuals who…

…wave. Increasing the paper speed to 50 mm/s or applying carotid massage (which increases the atrioventricular block) will be helpful in such situations. Figure…