…thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, cerebrovascular events, hepatic capsule rupture, placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

…has a major population attributable contribution to chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of older adults presenting with myocardial…

…risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease…

…important, particularly in patients with early onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular…

…The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease…

…cardiovascular complications (after acute myocardial infarction, unstable coronary artery disease, or stable angina pectoris): 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between consumption and cardiovascular outcomes, with apparently lower overall cardiovascular risk around one drink daily…

…of age matched controls. Cardiovascular events occur earlier, and approximately half of premature deaths in RA may be directly attributable to CVD. Excess mortality becomes…

…to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic, low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and…

…hepatic fat synthesis, adipocyte function and metabolic expenditure. Consequently, obesity is only one pathway through which diet affects cardiovascular health; dietary changes can improve cardiometabolic…

…kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether…

…that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases…

…selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual…

…atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…premature mortality compared with continued smoking. Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than…

…blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed…

…four female deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke; the lifetime risk for a…

…C, regardless of the drug used to achieve it. Absolute benefit depends on baseline cardiovascular risk and the magnitude of LDL C reduction. Thus, even…

…cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who achieve recommended exercise volumes; therefore, prevention strategies should address both increasing activity and…

…Contemporary management, however, incorporates overall cardiovascular risk, comorbidity and hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD), rather than relying exclusively on the office pressure value. Blood pressure…

CPR This chapter discusses interventions and evaluations performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone…

…includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET) and coronary angiography. These…

…as prognostic markers during the disease course. In summary, the risk of severe disease and death is several times higher in patients with cardiovascular diseas

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit, although in younger individuals with low short term risk, lifetime benefit should be considered and discussed. Where…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the…

…extremes of height and weight. BMI is particularly poor a predictor in South Asians, who have substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes at…

…presenting as cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general…

…with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction; Increased risk of stroke; Increased risk of end stage renal disease; Increased mortality; and A…

…of Echocardiography (ASE), the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) have issued guidelines with very similar recommendations. Thus…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney…

…cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). FH results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the hepatic LDL receptor pathway. Reduced cellular uptake and…

…with cardiovascular benefit regardless of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and…

…CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…must be equipped with defibrillators and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the test must be formally trained to assess cardiovascular response, symptoms, and ECG changes…

…added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia…

…to improve long term cardiovascular outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel…

…Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly during cardiovascular…

…multivessel coronary artery disease, and diffuse disease increase the likelihood of cardiovascular collapse when PCI fails or flow is severely compromised. Clinical Presentation No reflow…

…affected vessel and the adequacy of collateral circulation. Abrupt loss of flow may cause rapid deterioration when a large myocardial territory is jeopardized. Cardiovascular collapse…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…sinus rhythm and a heart rate above 70 beats/min. The reduction in the combined outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalisation was related…

…to substantial underestimation of cardiovascular risk. Conversely, Lp(a) measurement provides limited additional reclassification beyond currently recommended global risk scores, and its interpretation should remain…

…with ezetimibe where appropriate. Established clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and FH are principal settings in which these drugs have received approval. In chronic coronary…

…adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension, syncope, falls, and…

…to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic…

…and necrotic components. Virtual histology IVUS has also been used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events…

…repeated hospital presentations and angiography, and increased short and long term adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms may resemble those of obstructive epicardial…

…Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion, and ejection fraction using ECG…

…pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is…

…with acute chest pain and troponin elevation. The clinical manifestation is typically driven by an acute stressor superimposed on the patient's baseline cardiovascular state…

…from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion as a result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e.g…

…with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide additional information concerning cardiovascular reserve and electrical…