…alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure…

…s disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened…

…due to cardiovascular disease ( Myerburg et al ). Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for about half of all individuals with heart failure…

…and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology…

…third degree AV block. Note that escape rhythms may arise during bradycardia. Also, note that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred…

…hospital cardiac arrest. Autopsies are recommended when the underlying cause is unknown, particularly among young individuals. Yet, autopsies are often not performed due to the…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…lead to compression of the ventricles during diastole; cardiac tamponade occurs if excess pericardial fluid causes hemodynamic effects. Electrical alternans – i.e the beat to…

…in the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows…

…is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke…

In this course you will learn about cardiac physiology, anatomy and the principles of electrocardiography.