…alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure…

…s disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened…

…deaths are the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, sudden cardiac arrests account for 50% of all years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease…

…and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology…

…that escape rhythms may arise during bradycardia. Also, note that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction…

…hospital cardiac arrest. Autopsies are recommended when the underlying cause is unknown, particularly among young individuals. Yet, autopsies are often not performed due to the…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…lead to compression of the ventricles during diastole; cardiac tamponade occurs if excess pericardial fluid causes hemodynamic effects. Electrical alternans – i.e the beat to…

…first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to…

…is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke…

In this course you will learn about cardiac physiology, anatomy and the principles of electrocardiography.