…Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure drug If the seizure continues after adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…influenced by the clinical setting, vascular access route, anticoagulation, renal function, age, comorbidity, and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary…

…disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta…

…pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration…

…Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium. Source. Rapid diagnosis of cardiac tamponade…

…hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of death among these patients are complications related to PACS: 60% die from neurological injuries. 30% die from hemodynamic…

…multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of multiple myxomas. Papillary fibroelastoma…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…revascularization, while avoiding unnecessary procedural complications and bleeding in those at lower risk or in whom the hazards of revascularization outweigh its potential benefit. A…

…for epidemiological purposes. With the advent of highly sensitive cardiac biomarkers, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association…

…accentuated during exercise. The patient developed atrial fibrillation at 55 years of age. At age 64 he developed ventricular fibrillation and aborted sudden cardiac death…

…of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of…

…it may lead to cardiac tamponade or indicate another post AMI complication, including subacute rupture. Evaluation and physical examination The diagnosis of pericarditis is clinical…

…by cardiac insufficiency. Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST…

…Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both sexes, women are less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to cardiac rehabilitation and are less…

…The complications can be fatal. Approximately 500 Swedes are affected annually by endocarditis and the median age of 70 years at the onset of the…

…of ischemia, which is why one must be familiar with them. In order to completely understand the different complications related to ischemia/infarction in the…

…changes during rapid AF. ST segment depression or T wave inversion can occur without coronary artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material include cardiac…

…The clinical presentation, whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of…

…disease increase the likelihood of cardiovascular collapse when PCI fails or flow is severely compromised. Clinical Presentation No reflow may become apparent during or immediately…

…The source material does not describe a characteristic symptom profile at initiation or during routine therapy. Potential clinically important complications and treatment related syndromes include…

…arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may have severe fixed coronary obstruction. Such patients…

…Ongoing or newly recognized LV systolic dysfunction. A patient may also present because of complications of the underlying infarction or LV remodeling, including heart failure…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…The decision to lower BP in acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications…

…cardiac abnormalities, HF and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications…

…are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation or emerge during evaluation. These include cardiac hypertr

…orifice. There are many causes of mitral stenosis, the most common of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma, cardiac thrombi…

…possible. In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) ACLS is performed by paramedics, nurses or physicians, depending on the design of the pre hospital system…

…cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the…

…These assays, referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible…

…follows: Endocarditis Papillary muscle rupture (complication of acute myocardial infarction) Rupture of chordae tendineae. Acute regurgitation of blood into the left atrium results in sudden…

…UA hinges entirely on the presence of myocardial necrosis. NSTEMI is confirmed by a typical rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs…

…a complication of myocardial infarction (MI) [5]. It is more frequently associated with anterior infarction than with inferoposterior infarction [4]. Myocardial Necrosis : The occurrence of…

…combination of: direct tubular toxicity; renal haemodynamic disturbance and ischaemia; pre existing or concurrent hypovolaemia; cardiac dysfunction or haemodynamic instability; and additional nephrotoxic exposures. The…

…dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual risk of sudden cardiac arrest is <1% and median survival is 3 years. Long term prognosis in aortiv…

…evidence of injury on cardiac magnetic resonance. Interpretation is more difficult when the baseline troponin is already elevated, as occurs during acute MI. If the…

…and hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Cardiac remodeling Ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy lead to myocardial remodeling and neurohormonal changes that further worsen the hemodynamic situation…

…cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponin [19]. ATTR Amyloidosis: This form arises from the misfolding of transthyretin, a…

…or cardiac surgery. The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning Activity related anxiety Depression or psychological distress Loss of confidence in…

…but also on the rate of fluid accumulation, pericardial distensibility, and ventricular filling pressures. Effusions may be circumferential or, particularly after trauma or cardiac surgery…

…administering 1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to…

…ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV. Pamidronate 30 90 mg IV. Causal treatment of the underlying cause…

…out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic…

…cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during…

…specialized clinical training to manage cardiac arrest during pregnancy. Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital…

…cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during…

…cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016;98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during…

…extended no flow periods, in cases of unwitnessed cardiac arrests, as well as if the initial rhythm was asystole (Podsiadlo et al.). Assess life signs…

…adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation Principles of cardiac electrophysiology and electrocardiography (ECG) To ensure effective cardiac pumping function, the atria and the ventricles must be activated…

…because all cardiac cells are electrically interconnected by gap junctions (Figure 1) . Gap junctions are protein channels that connect the cell membranes of adjacent cells…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

…the longer the duration of elevated troponin levels. Differences in absolute concentrations of troponin I and T during acute myocardial infarction As noted above, cardiac…

…markers for structural and hemodynamic cardiac abnormalities. Right Axis Deviation (RAD) RAD holds significant diagnostic weight in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular and right heart…

…discussed in the chapter Management of Bradycardia (Bradyarrhythmia). Initial rhythm and the course of arrhythmias during cardiac arrest The initial rhythm in cardiac arrest is…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…is intrinsic cardiac activity; the presence of spontaneous atrial or ventricular activity should inhibit pacing in the chamber with activity. However, sensing of spontaneous atrial…

…The initial beats are supraventricular beats during sinus rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates…