…intravenous access [2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials…

…mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular…

…definitions, and institutional practice. Complications are more frequent during PCI than during purely diagnostic angiography. Elective PCI has reported mortality of 0.1–0.3%…

…disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…s outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause coma…

…of them are myxomas and next papillary fibroelastoma is most common. Among children, rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…however, increase peri procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…accentuated during exercise. The patient developed atrial fibrillation at 55 years of age. At age 64 he developed ventricular fibrillation and aborted sudden cardiac death…

…of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of…

…lead to cardiac tamponade or indicate another post AMI complication, including subacute rupture. Evaluation and physical examination The diagnosis of pericarditis is clinical and is…

…Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency. Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and…

…Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both sexes, women are less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to cardiac rehabilitation and are less…

…The complications can be fatal. Approximately 500 Swedes are affected annually by endocarditis and the median age of 70 years at the onset of the…

…all relevant parts of the conduction system and their source of blood supply. Figure 1. The component of the cardiac conduction system and the vascular…

…the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often bidirectional. AF with…

…Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment…

…No reflow may become apparent during or immediately after PCI. The clinical presentation depends on the extent of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by…

…in cardiac metabolic efficiency, including increased oxygen delivery and beta hydroxybutyrate oxidation Reduced sodium hydrogen exchanger subtype 3 activity Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and…

…arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may have severe fixed coronary obstruction. Such patients…

…mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase, endocardial inflammation and impaired regional contraction create…

…contraindications, and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test…

…acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia…

…cardiac abnormalities, HF and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications…

…are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation or emerge during evaluation. These include cardiac hypertr

…leaflets meet and close the valve during systole. Poor coaptation leads to regurgitation. Mitral stenosis Mitral stenosis is defined as a narrowing of the mitral…

…various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski…

…1% of live births, and 10% of aborted fetuses, with no significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention during…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

…rupture (complication of acute myocardial infarction) Rupture of chordae tendineae. Acute regurgitation of blood into the left atrium results in sudden volume and pressure overload…

…NSTEMI and UA hinges entirely on the presence of myocardial necrosis. NSTEMI is confirmed by a typical rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains…

…is a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple…

…correlates with evidence of injury on cardiac magnetic resonance. Interpretation is more difficult when the baseline troponin is already elevated, as occurs during acute MI…

…cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation…

…Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older than 65 years presenting with heart failure and increased…

…ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac rehabilitation addresses these determinants indirectly and comprehensively…

…termed pulsus paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the cardiac chambers, with chamber pressures approaching intrapericardial…

…administering 1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to…

…Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV. Pamidronate 30 90 mg IV. Causal treatment of the…

…of all hangings exhibit VF on the initial ECG recording ( Kitamura et al, Deasy et al ). A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and cardiac…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…arrest during pregnancy. Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…vitality of a hypothermic individual can be challenging, especially when discerning between hypothermic unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest. Frequently, overt signs of life are absent, and…

…due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic…

…to distinguish between two main types of cardiac cells: Conduction cells form the fiber networks that sprout into the myocardium and disseminate the action potential…

…that the leakage of sodium during the resting phase is called pacemaker potential . Figure 1. The action potential in the sinoatrial node and in contractile…

ECG Video lecture: Cardiac electrophysiology, action potentials, ECG leads & vectors

…the duration of elevated troponin levels. Differences in absolute concentrations of troponin I and T during acute myocardial infarction As noted above, cardiac troponin I…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…in the chapter Management of Bradycardia (Bradyarrhythmia). Initial rhythm and the course of arrhythmias during cardiac arrest The initial rhythm in cardiac arrest is defined…

ECG Video lecture: Basic cardiac anatomy

…may lead to undersensing of true intrinsic activity and thus inappropriate pacemaker activity. As discussed in the previous chapter, the delivery of pacing pulses can…

…during sinus rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and…