…characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis, myocarditis…

…preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a…

…sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler is that ultrasound is emitted and analyzed continuously in the former. This…

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

…not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests…

…intrinsic cardiac activity, etc. The cardinal manifestation of pacing on surface ECG is the stimulation artifact (Figure 1). In atrial pacing, the stimulation artifact precedes…

…identify the underlying mechanism. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Angina and anginal equivalents Chest pain or discomfort remains the cardinal symptom of CCS, but presentations are…

…or movement [5]. 4. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pain Characteristics: While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain…

…elicit ischemia and symptoms. Angina pectoris: the hallmark of coronary artery disease Angina pectoris is the cardinal symptom of coronary artery disease. It occurs when…