…configuration and adequacy of collateral channels. Additional features associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel bending, calcification and…

…and spotty calcification. However, the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such…

…tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric filling defects Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the lesion to side branches The extent and distribution of…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and newer generation DES…

…infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI…

…atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three dimensional cardiac dataset within approximately 5–15 seconds…

…stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related to disturbed calcium–phosphate metabolism. Patients with advanced CKD are particularly vulnerable to structural cardiac abnormalities, HF and sudden…

…dyspnoea, and the presence of risk factors or previously identified coronary calcification. Age and sex remain important determinants of the expected prevalence of obstructive CAD…

…The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts contribute to matrix production…

…including pericardial or aortic calcification, pericardial thickening, valvular calcification, and, in some cases, fatty liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be…

…Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader…

…and P3 (posterior or lateral scallop). Figure 1. Anatomy of the mitral valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure…

…between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore extends beyond reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility…

…number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors are weighted and summed…

…Aortic stenosis with calcification Mitral disease with calcification Fibrin strands Giant Lambls excrescences Septum Defects — PFO, ASA, ASD SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL…

…Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in…

…thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most cases…

…subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques…

…main beam. As the ultrasound beam sweeps back and forth, multiple side lobe artifacts can be generated on both sides of the true reflector. If…

…large boxes between two R waves: 600/10 = 60 beats/min. Refer to Figure 3 for clarification. Figure 3. Manual calculation of heart rate.