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Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated…

Deceased donor organ donation

…in whom total brain infarction is not expected to occur within a reasonable time, and in whom death is judged likely within 180 minutes of…

Acute stroke and thrombolysis: quick reference

…non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]. Acute overview 1…

Terminology of sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation

…minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly. Low flow : The circulation …

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…systemic cardiovascular risk. The presence of a carotid bruit is associated with approximately double the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore…

Care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

…vegetative state, or brain death. The cause of brain injuries is anoxic cell death, continued dysfunction in cerebral blood flow (autoregulation) after ROSC and cerebral…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…in knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based on observational data ( e.g compression rate and depth). With current…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…marked distress. Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome and a clinical diagnosis, often described as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior fossa. Preparation and equipment No special…

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