…Individuals with bicuspid aortic valves have substantially elevated risk of developing aortic stenosis. The prevalence of bicuspid aortic valves is 1% to 2% in most…

…visualized, or is the valve bicuspid? Is there cusp prolapse? Are there vegetations on the valve? Is the valve calcified? Is the aortic root dilated…

…50 mm • Marfan syndrome • Bicuspid aortic valve with coarctation or additional risk factors 55 mm (ascending aorta, aortic arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta…

…Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third…

…the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular…