…with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage…

…Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10…

…does not specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In secondary prevention trials involving patients with previous vascular disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of…

…balanced ischemia. Such ischemia, seen in multivessel disease, exists when all coronary arteries are equally compromised, leading to uniform perfusion that may appear deceptively normal…

…soon as it is safe to do so after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses…

…attenuation and other technical factors. Relative perfusion assessment has an important limitation: it requires a normally perfused reference territory. In diffuse coronary disease, balanced multivessel…

…Oxygen supply increases in parallel with increased oxygen consumption during exercise. Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a…

…or a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis if the pCO₂ is not low enough High Low Normal or low Respiratory alkalosis High High High Metabolic…

…and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore…

…is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in individuals younger than 35 years during or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary…

…present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent unsteadiness or ataxia without clear spontaneous nystagmus Cerebellar or brainstem infarction, intoxication, Wernicke…

…of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia…

…with a score of 1 or more. Patient preference and risk benefit balance determine whether treatment is initiated. High No treatment High 2 Oral anticoagulation…

…implantation entails appreciable cost and procedural risk, the risk benefit balance depends almost entirely on the capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk…

…also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation. Dietary quality also affects energy balance. Highly processed foods may…

…of decongestion is clinical euvolemia rather than an isolated numerical change in weight. Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic testing…

…predictor of stent thrombosis in this setting. The duration of therapy requires an individualized balance between: Ischaemic risk, including recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis…

…from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients with a…

…oxygen supply is easy). Thus, the theory regarding supply/demand balance has always been conceptual and lacks scientific evidence. As suggested by Heusch, [1] this…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…dilute the creatinine and mask the deterioration, while dehydration can concentrate it. In older, malnourished, amputee or muscle wasted patients, an apparently normal creatinine may…

…life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with…

…life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with…

…The balance between synthesis and degradation influences plaque architecture and mechanical stability. Atherosclerotic lesions commonly arise at sites of disturbed flow, including branch points in…

…an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension, syncope, falls, and functional deterioration may have greater consequences in…

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…high risk. They require immediate escalation because the priority is to identify and treat an obstructive coronary lesion without avoidable delay. In contrast, haemodynamically stable…

…of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who achieve…

…electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of causing cardiac arrest, is an infrequent occurrence. Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia are…

…The balance between pro thrombogenic and pro thrombolytic factors varies from one minute to another, which may cause variations in the size of the thrombus…

…successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and…