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Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…the most common form of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…renal failure, sleep apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute…

Blood Pressure Targets in Older and Frail Adults

…orthostatic hypotension, or impaired autonomic compensation limits tolerability. Evidence Base and Its Limitations Few adults aged 85 years or older have been included in randomized…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…Beyond its direct cellular actions, digoxin exerts significant systemic effects via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and…

Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain

…pronounced as the intensity of exercise increases. The autonomic nervous system is the first system to react to exercise. It does so by withdrawing parasympathetic…

Interpretation of neonatal and pediatric electrocardiograms (ECG)

…variations in heart rate are due to variations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and changes in the automaticity of the sinoatrial node…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…and nervousness. This is due to altered tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…and sometimes several within a short period 24 to 72 hours Increasing autonomic hyperactivity and risk of complicated withdrawal 48 to 96 hours Delirium tremens…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…can raise the blood pressure. Serotonin syndrome can also cause autonomic instability and hypertension [4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage Organ or…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation: sweating tremor palpitations hunger anxiety pallor paraesthesiae Neuroglycopenic symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose…

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