…times given are approximate. Symptoms can begin before the blood alcohol concentration has reached zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a…

…digoxin. Increased Vagus activity diminishes the automaticity in the sinoatrial node (which lowers heart rate) and also slows conduction over the atrioventricular (AV) node. The…

…may persist despite appropriate lipid lowering and other guideline directed therapies. Anti inflammatory treatment seeks to reduce this residual risk without necessarily altering lipid concentrations…

…a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is…

…are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease may also present without prominent discomfort through heart failure, arrhythmias…

…particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant to clinical cardiology include: Clinical setting or outcome Reported benefit of cessation Cardiovascular disease overall…

…life threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate attention. The ventricular rate is typically very high (100–250 beats per minute) and cardiac output is affected (i…

…agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying disease or substance effect, which may require attention. Therefore, management…

…ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due…

…appropriate intensity, with attention to the emergence of symptoms. Evaluation Before Rehabilitation Clinical assessment Rehabilitation begins with patient assessment and ongoing medical surveillance. The programme…

…and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to potentially reversible causes and…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…By integrating anatomical measurements and Doppler hemodynamics, clinicians gain valuable insights into shunt severity and directionality. While the technique requires meticulous attention to imaging standards…

…Special attention should be given to patients ≥ 75 years, those with moderate/severe renal impairment, and those concurrently treated with an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB…

…fluid and a vasopressor according to the sepsis pathway when needed 9 Contact the haematologist or oncologist. Contact an infectious diseases physician early in a…

…with chloride following passively down the resulting electrochemical gradient. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs produce coupled sodium and glucose loss in approximately a 1:1…

…blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly…

…account for attenuation and other technical factors. Relative perfusion assessment has an important limitation: it requires a normally perfused reference territory. In diffuse coronary disease…

…overview image the depth is reduced as much as possible. Reducing the depth results in increased frame rate and thus better image resolution. If possible…