…unraveled at an accelerating pace, making arrhythmology a field of intense research activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive…

…major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red cells. Gastrointestinal bleeding…

…not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes; shorter episodes also contribute to health. Spreading activity across the week may reduce musculoskeletal injury…

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…Explanation: The 'Black athlete repolarization variant' is defined as J point elevation and convex ('domed') ST segment elevation followed by T wave inversion in leads…

…22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening instruments and should prompt a nutritional assessment. See also unintentional…

…interpreted by the authors. They intend to present an ECG with early repolarization (which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular…

…and athletes (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause). Genetic mutations in ARVC At least 13 genes have been implicated in ARVC. The majority of…

…particularly in athletes and young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or…

…Well trained athletes display sinoatrial block as a physiological and normal finding. First degree sinoatrial (SA) block First degree sinoatrial block implies that the time…

…the broader clinical and physiological context. Definition and Pathophysiology Coronary artery disease and obstructive stenosis Anatomically significant epicardial CAD is conventionally defined as stenosis of…

…the functional (maximum) capacity of the left ventricle, as this would require measuring the ejection fraction during submaximal exercise testing. Ejection fraction reserve is the…

…death among athletes, and one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac death among young individuals. Echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) The hypertrophy is…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…in the AV node is junctional rhythm , which may also be referred to as junctional escape rhythm . Junctional tachycardia is less common. Basic knowledge of…

…On the ECG, this is observed as a gradual prolongation of the PR interval with each successive beat until a P wave fails to conduct…

…due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function) in the sinoatrial node or conduction defects (e.g. second degree AV block) as a result of ischemia/infarction…

…side effects are believed to be the cause, it is fundamental to weigh the risk of terminating drug therapy as compared with implementing an artificial…