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Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)

…unraveled at an accelerating pace, making arrhythmology a field of intense research activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red cells. Gastrointestinal bleeding…

Physical Activity Prescription for Cardiovascular Prevention

…not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes; shorter episodes also contribute to health. Spreading activity across the week may reduce musculoskeletal injury…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

Quiz: ECG in athletes

…Explanation: The 'Black athlete repolarization variant' is defined as J point elevation and convex ('domed') ST segment elevation followed by T wave inversion in leads…

Anthropometric measurements

…22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening instruments and should prompt a nutritional assessment. See also unintentional…

Early repolarization on ECG: when guidelines confuse ECG criteria

…interpreted by the authors. They intend to present an ECG with early repolarization (which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular…

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD)

…and athletes (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause). Genetic mutations in ARVC At least 13 genes have been implicated in ARVC. The majority of…

Management of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia)

…particularly in athletes and young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or…

Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features

…Well trained athletes display sinoatrial block as a physiological and normal finding. First degree sinoatrial (SA) block First degree sinoatrial block implies that the time…

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