…Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes…

…of the character of Angina Pectoris. Atherosclerosis: the cause of coronary artery disease The underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of…

…risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during infections). As noted by Bonow et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients with heart…

…to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris …

…to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris …

…main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary…

…cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart…

…associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have…

…disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock…

…Accelerated atherosclerosis Coronary microvascular dysfunction Pericarditis Myocarditis Valvular disease APS and Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement…

…from acute coronary atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and…

…subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1 MI: Caused by atherothrombotic coronary artery disease, usually precipitated by atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion)…

…vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures. Both can improve coronary…

…ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of…

…characteristic manifestation of ischemic heart disease is angina pectoris developing during physical activity; myocardial oxygen demand increases during physical activity, but an atherosclerotic plaque may…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for the prediction of heart failure, coronary…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…smoking After acute coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…vasomotor dysfunction or microvascular abnormalities without obstructive epicardial disease. The non acute phase after ACS or coronary revascularization. Non acute heart failure in which an…

…al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…manifestations include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease …

…practice: coronary artery disease In clinical practice, myocardial ischemia occurs in numerous situations. In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood…

…Gain of function PCSK9 mutations are associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and premature coronary heart disease, whereas loss of function variants are associated with protection…

…fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy…

…extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving reduced myocardial perfusion include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery…

…suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly those with stable chest pain, no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive disease when…

…randomization studies support a causal relationship between Lp(a) associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease…

…myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure. When coronary blood flow cannot increase adequately because of flow limiting disease…

…Cardiovascular and renal disease associations Diabetes substantially increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease…

…establish the mechanism. Increased concentrations may result from acute coronary atherothrombosis, oxygen supply–demand imbalance, direct myocardial injury, systemic illness, structural heart disease, or several…

…proximal atherosclerotic burden should be considered and treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary artery disease when clinically appropriate. Other coronary…

…coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), or, rarely, sudden cardiac death. SCAD differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of…

…is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent…

…for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…When discussing atherosclerosis, the focus is on LDL cholesterol. Virtually all evidence demonstrate clearly that LDL cholesterol is a true cause of coronary artery disease…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…

…pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization, or coronary…

…liver disease is also independently related to cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte…

…or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]). Stress testing is used to establish the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease as well as estimating the extent of…

…hypertension coexists in approximately 70% of patients with aortic dissection. PAU is particularly associated with advanced age, smoking, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes…

…cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow…

…located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs larger than 4 cm are associated with atherosclerotic pathology…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing…

…significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without known clinical coronary artery disease…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…benefit of therapy. Lifestyle modification is appropriate across the risk spectrum. Statin therapy is considered when the anticipated benefit is sufficient, with coronary artery calcium…

…trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular…

…spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less…

…1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…