…Type 1 myocardial infarction Definition and pathophysiology Type 1 MI results from acute coronary atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque…

…infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial…

…all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic…

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic principle is that LDL C reduction is associated with cardiovascular benefit regardless of…

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high…

…87 95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.96 P = .004 Other summaries of the trial describe a 14% reduction in the same composite outcome…

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

…been identified as important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have produced less favourable results…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures. Both…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies…

…assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not…

…have more atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate. Ultimately, the specificity of exercise…

…whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke…

…definitions of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic plaques disrupt, resulting in the activation of thrombocytes…

…myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The…

…JAMA): [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…at which the signal disappears, deflate slowly (2 mmHg/s) and note the pressure at which the signal returns. Repeat on the other arm. 2…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period…

…is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…proximal atherosclerotic burden should be considered and treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary artery disease when clinically appropriate. Other coronary…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cigarette smoking is a prominent association, whereas other conventional coronary risk factors may…

…cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic…

…drinking in either sex. Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four…

…The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes…

…often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial infarction. A history of cigarette smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors…

…The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend…

…of physiological stress, but it may also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic…

…CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous Echocardiographic Potential) Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus Prolapse of mitral valve Aortic…

…coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of…

…when atherosclerosis is diffuse, leading to underestimation of the overall disease burden. Angiography also provides limited information about plaque composition, vulnerability and the risk of…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude of LDL C reduction varies according to the statin…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts…

…be controlled despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total…

…wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…

…Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain…

… concealed diffuse atherosclerosis; myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not…