…frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention…

…two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal…

…or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]). Stress testing is used to establish the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease as well as estimating the extent of…

…MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events…

…and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable…

…and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable…

…health status but does not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary…

…for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However…

…frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with…

…dissection of the coronary artery wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic…

…reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery (no atherosclerosis) At rest Oxygen…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and…

…spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less…

…proximal atherosclerotic burden should be considered and treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary artery disease when clinically appropriate. Other coronary…

…ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non…

…follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection. Clinical manifestations may…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…

…to acute coronary syndromes. An acute coronary syndrome is the result of a perfect storm scenario, where disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque coincides with a…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow…

…with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries, or in patients with…

…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend…

…benefit of therapy. Lifestyle modification is appropriate across the risk spectrum. Statin therapy is considered when the anticipated benefit is sufficient, with coronary artery calcium…

…cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic…

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

…coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include…

…risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during infections). As noted by Bonow et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients with heart…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes…

…with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction is required, including in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous…

…The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes…

…remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high…

…dose combination with ezetimibe 38% Pooled analyses across different background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic…

…failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial coronary…

…from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the…

…TIA (transient ischemic attack), coronary artery occlusion, and peripheral embolization. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Western countries, and ultrasound studies are…

…or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)…

…associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in individuals younger than 35 years during or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery…

…cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric…

…component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis…

…coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most…

…use Deceleration injury Systemic hypertension coexists in approximately 70% of patients with aortic dissection. PAU is particularly associated with advanced age, smoking, coronary artery disease…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…

…disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between diseases. Cardiovascular involvement extends beyond conventional atherosclerotic coronary artery disease…

…Ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in whom objective myocardial ischaemia is demonstrated. ANOCA may occur in up to 70% of…