…frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention…

…two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal…

…coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive…

…or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]). Stress testing is used to establish the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease as well as estimating the extent of…

…Represents a periprocedural myocardial infarction associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The diagnosis of an acute MI remains a comprehensive…

…MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events…

…and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable…

…and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable…

…health status but does not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), or, rarely, sudden cardiac death. SCAD differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of…

…associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in individuals younger than 35 years during or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery…

…is a true cause of coronary artery disease. What is the evidence? The evidence is vast. Some examples follow. Consider people with the genetic disorder…

…Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue…

…TIA (transient ischemic attack), coronary artery occlusion, and peripheral embolization. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Western countries, and ultrasound studies are…

…component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes…

…of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis…

…Ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in whom objective myocardial ischaemia is demonstrated. ANOCA may occur in up to 70% of…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…dissection of the coronary artery wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic…

…cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric…

…manifestations include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease…

…reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery (no atherosclerosis) At rest Oxygen…

…disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between diseases. Cardiovascular involvement extends beyond conventional atherosclerotic coronary artery disease…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…use Deceleration injury Systemic hypertension coexists in approximately 70% of patients with aortic dissection. PAU is particularly associated with advanced age, smoking, coronary artery disease…

…Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in…

…profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most…

…caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less…

…estimating the likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) before diagnostic testing. This pre test probability is the clinician’s estimate of the probability that…

…patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly those with stable chest pain, no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive…

…adult with bridging and a substantial proximal atherosclerotic burden should be considered and treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary artery…

…progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia…

…ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…

…to acute coronary syndromes. An acute coronary syndrome is the result of a perfect storm scenario, where disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque coincides with a…

…patients with ischemic heart disease, the majority of all ischemic episodes are asymptomatic (refer to The Ischemic Cascade). Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic plaques…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow…

…al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries, or in patients with…

…The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend…

…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

…to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease…

…per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp(a) is independently associated with first and recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events…

…of individuals who suffer a sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery…

…rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, identify plaques at high risk of rupture…

…benefit of therapy. Lifestyle modification is appropriate across the risk spectrum. Statin therapy is considered when the anticipated benefit is sufficient, with coronary artery calcium…

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

…coronary syndrome. Patients with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of…

…or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…and Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…