…Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous Echocardiographic Potential) Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus Prolapse of mitral valve Aortic stenosis with…

…caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause…

…more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A…

…ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic…

…calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income countries…

…a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…average. Its cardiovascular manifestations include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and…

…accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart…

…and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury…

…abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs…

…origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although…

…establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen, atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three…

… vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be mediated partly by oxidized phospholipids carried…

…and improves walking distance. The role of PCSK9 inhibition in thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease remains an emerging area of research. Pharmacological Classes and…

…lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium…

…also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress. Aortic dissection may cause…

…acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased concentrations may result from acute…

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

…Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic…

…coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine…

…major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude of LDL C reduction varies according to the statin…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…formation and progression. As the burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol…

…prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts…

…The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances in anti ischaemic treatment and coronary revascularization…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation…

…atherosclerotic arteries. This engenders the typical ECG changes as well. In acute coronary syndromes, however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of…

…wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in…

…assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong in RA…

…50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies…

… concealed diffuse atherosclerosis; myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not…

…resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases…

…have more atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate. Ultimately, the specificity of exercise…

…definitions of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic plaques disrupt, resulting in the activation of thrombocytes…

…myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The…

…inflammation results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased…

…anatomical considerations warrant it. The contemporary diagnostic strategy also recognises that symptoms of myocardial ischaemia may arise from obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or…

…atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably…

…MI using a biochemical and clinical approach. This culminated in the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Consensus Documents, with the Fourth Universal Definition published in…

…prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for the prediction of heart…

…but an atherosclerotic plaque may prevent oxygen supply from increasing in parallel with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis…

…compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI ≤ 0.90 is diagnostic of peripheral…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque…

…is actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…