Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Ischemic cardiomyopathy is severe myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble…

…particularly HFpEF. Assessment of congestion may be difficult because physical findings and natriuretic peptide concentrations can be altered by adiposity. An “obesity paradox” has bee

…metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure…

…of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin et al., involving more than 11,000 cardiac arrest cases…

…anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by fractional flow reserve…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction The ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has…

…AKI coexist. Risk assessment Patient related risk factors The principal determinant of risk is baseline renal function. The risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…