…planning pregnancy, uncontrolled hypertension or annual growth 3 mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging…

…bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is…

…dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual risk of sudden cardiac arrest is <1% and median survival is 3 years. Long term prognosis in aortiv…

…same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions…