…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

Conduction defects ECG Left bundle branch block (LBBB) Left bundle branch block (LBBB) results from anatomical or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB)…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch…

…to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…High risk anatomical features include: An interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery A slit like orifice A high origin Acute angle take off…

…high risk anatomical features include an interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery, a slit like orifice, a high coronary origin, acute angle take…

…are important differences. These differences are largely explained by the dramatic physiological and anatomical changes that take place during infancy and childhood. The most dramatic…

…intraventricular conduction delays (defects), which are caused by functional or anatomical defects in the components of the intraventricular conduction system. Because the conduction system is…

…are important differences. These differences are largely explained by the dramatic physiological and anatomical changes that take place during infancy and childhood. The most dramatic…

…in the chapter The ECG Leads. Acquisition of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however…

…personalized treatment decisions. The SYNTAX Score was created to address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in…

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…particularly after complex coronary intervention. The clinical importance of residual disease is also influenced by anatomic complexity and comorbidity, which themselves may contribute to progression…

…potential hyperaemic flow. FFR is consequently a measure of the physiological effect of an individual epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography…

…extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal lesion jeopardizes more myocardium…

…atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude…

…Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia may therefore remain undetected unless CT based coronary calcium assessment or another anatomical technique is added…

…therefore has both physiological importance and procedural relevance. The principal anatomical determinants of CTO PCI complexity are: The morphology of the proximal cap. The length…

…new proximal atherosclerosis. The choice between procedures therefore depends on the balance between: Anatomical completeness and complexity of revascularization Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction…

…altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients…

…probability is the clinician’s estimate of the probability that the patient has anatomically obstructive CAD before the result of a new test is known…

…process: acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…devoid of CO 2 . Phase II (Rapid Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau…

…to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads to left anterior fascicular block. Similarly…

…is a cornerstone in managing patients with intracardiac shunts. By integrating anatomical measurements and Doppler hemodynamics, clinicians gain valuable insights into shunt severity and directionality…

…Evaluation and physical examination The assessment should establish three complementary features: The severity of LV dysfunction The extent and anatomical distribution of CAD The amount

…the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological or anatomical factor that can trigger or sustain arrhythmias, such as necrotic tissue…

…CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI), and echocardiography have enabled detailed functional and anatomical imaging of cardiac anatomy, assessment of coronary artery stenosis, and myocardial…

…orient and display the heart using the long axis of the left ventricle and selected planes oriented at 90° angles relative to the long axis…

…often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden, life threatening acute coronary syndromes when the structural stability of the…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…only be detected in one lead. Thus, leads V3 and V4 are anatomically contiguous, as are leads V2 and V3. You have probably noticed that…

…frequent in type A IMH. IMH is classified anatomically according to the Stanford system: Type A IMH: involves the ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves…

…intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without…

…ischemia (NSTEMI). Establishing a diagnosis of Q wave infarction requires that pathological Q waves be present in at least two anatomically contiguous leads. In patients…

…other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical…

…the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior leaflet is anatomically divided into three segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment)…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment depression: New horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions ≥0,5 mm in at least two anatomically contiguous leads…

…guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous leads: • Men age ≥40 years: ≥2 mm in…

…elevation criteria New ST elevation at the J point in at least two anatomically contiguous leads indicates STEMI when the following thresholds are met [1…

…jawline, the ears. Anatomically hazardous areas: the branches of the facial nerve at the temple, the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck…

…is typically diffuse, involving all leads except aVR and often V1, and does not correspond to a specific coronary anatomic distribution [4, 5]. In contrast…

…therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions, small vessels, multivessel disease…

…instance, one must verify whether the inversion is isolated, because if there is T wave inversion in two anatomically contiguous leads, then it is pathological…

…other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical…