…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

Conduction defects ECG Left bundle branch block (LBBB) Left bundle branch block (LBBB) results from anatomical or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch…

…It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age, sex, renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…artery disease and obstructive stenosis Anatomically significant epicardial CAD is conventionally defined as stenosis of at least 70%, while a left main coronary stenosis of…

…high risk anatomical features include an interarterial course between the aorta and pulmonary artery, a slit like orifice, a high coronary origin, acute angle take…

…infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development during infancy & childhood In adults, the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the…

…QRS complex – Anatomical or functional blocks in bundle branches or fascicles may block the impulse completely. Such a block in the left bundle branch is…

…infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development during infancy & childhood In adults, the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the…

…in the chapter The ECG Leads. Acquisition of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however…

…the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease …

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal…

…potential hyperaemic flow. FFR is consequently a measure of the physiological effect of an individual epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography…

…Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal…

…atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude…

…Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion, and ejection fraction using ECG…

…supplied by the occluded vessel. Left ventricular function. The anatomical complexity of the CTO and the suitability of the distal vessel. The patient’s procedural…

…Anatomical completeness and complexity of revascularization Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left…

…altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients…

…probability is the clinician’s estimate of the probability that the patient has anatomically obstructive CAD before the result of a new test is known…

…degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch block…

…dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is a highly trabeculated, windsock…

…devoid of CO 2 . Phase II (Rapid Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau…

…the left ventricle; (2) the posterior (posteroinferior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or…

…is a cornerstone in managing patients with intracardiac shunts. By integrating anatomical measurements and Doppler hemodynamics, clinicians gain valuable insights into shunt severity and directionality…

…fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart…

…the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological or anatomical factor that can trigger or sustain arrhythmias, such as necrotic tissue…

…CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI), and echocardiography have enabled detailed functional and anatomical imaging of cardiac anatomy, assessment of coronary artery stenosis, and myocardial…

…best agreement with anatomic data, as compared with other segmentation models. Figure 1. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for echocardiography. The left ventricle is divided…

…often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden, life threatening acute coronary syndromes when the structural stability of the…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…paper. It would be more efficient to present the limb leads in their anatomically contiguous manner; that is, from left superior basal to right inferior…

…classified anatomically according to the Stanford system: Type A IMH: involves the ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left…

…intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without…

…ischemia (NSTEMI). Establishing a diagnosis of Q wave infarction requires that pathological Q waves be present in at least two anatomically contiguous leads. In patients…

…other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical…

…the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior leaflet is anatomically divided into three segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment)…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment depression: New horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions ≥0,5 mm in at least two anatomically contiguous leads…

…guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous leads: • Men age ≥40 years: ≥2 mm in…

…elevation criteria New ST elevation at the J point in at least two anatomically contiguous leads indicates STEMI when the following thresholds are met [1…

…jawline, the ears. Anatomically hazardous areas: the branches of the facial nerve at the temple, the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck…

…is typically diffuse, involving all leads except aVR and often V1, and does not correspond to a specific coronary anatomic distribution [4, 5]. In contrast…

…therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions, small vessels, multivessel disease…

…instance, one must verify whether the inversion is isolated, because if there is T wave inversion in two anatomically contiguous leads, then it is pathological…

…other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical…