…may be helpful if ambulatory monitoring fails to capture an event. EPS can thoroughly assess AV conduction and may include the infusion of agents to…

…interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Blood pressure is a continuous cardiovascular exposure rather than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with…

…symptom profile for resistant hypertension. In clinical practice, the condition is identified primarily through persistently elevated blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific…

…ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false positive burden is substantial. Alternative modalities — cardiac MRI, long term ambulatory monitoring…

…in the emergency department for acute dyspnoea should not be transferred directly to patients with less acute outpatient symptoms. Natriuretic peptides supplement, rather than replace…

…waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly in women. For European populations…

…dysfunction and sick sinus syndrome Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block…