…Normal : : : P/F ratio PaO₂ (kPa) / FiO₂ 53 kPa ( 400 mmHg) Alveolar gas equation PAO₂ = FiO₂ × (Patm − PH₂O) − PaCO₂/R R ≈ 0.8 A…

…Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2…

…attack the patient usually hyperventilates and the pCO₂ is low. A normal pCO₂ may therefore mean that alveolar ventilation is already failing. A raised pCO₂…

…commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support…