…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

…the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the…

…therefore mean that alveolar ventilation is already failing. A raised pCO₂, respiratory acidosis, a falling pH or a rising trend indicate exhaustion and impending respiratory…

…different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and unloads the heart, whereas bilevel…